Particles move around each other, which means gases flow readily. In addition, there is enough free space between gas particles to compress them. In contrast to solids, gases also fill the shapes of their containers. It is because of this that solids and liquids are sometimes called condensed phases. One similarity between solid and liquid particles is that it is not possible to compress either of them. In addition, this allows them to adapt to the shape of a container, whereas solids cannot. For example, liquid particles have fluidity, which means it is possible to make a liquid flow. Solid particles vary considerably from liquids. As solid particles are unable to move past each other, it is not easy to make a solid flow.Īlthough gases, liquids and solids feature atoms, molecules and sometimes ions as their key components, they have significant microscopic differences. It is not easy to compress a solid, as there is not much space between the particles. Typical performance characteristics of various suspension technologies are displayed in Figure 7 using a force-velocity curve.A solid’s volume and shape are fixed, which means the particles are rigid and stay in place. The aim of this paper is to present a short overview of the main mechanisms operative in the formation and stabilization of emulsions by solid particles and, on this basis, to make comparisons between solid particles, surfactants and globular proteins as emulsifiers. LORD has spent decades developing proprietary control algorithms that optimize the unique capabilities of MR Fluid technology.įigure 6: Block diagram of a typical control system This process occurs continually thousands of times per second during vehicle operation to ensure the ideal suspension characteristics for the specific driving condition. The control unit interprets these signals and regulates electrical current to the damper using sophisticated proprietary control algorithms. Our control systems leverage a network of sensors that continuously monitor the driving situation in a vehicle and send data to the control unit via the CAN bus. Consequently, the resistance of the damper can be continuously changed in real time by modulating electrical current to the damper.Īdaptive suspension systems rely on quick detection of a disturbance and precise control of the damper for optimal suspension performance. As electrical current is supplied to the damper, a coil inside the piston creates a magnetic field and instantaneously changes the properties of the MR Fluid in the piston (see Figure 5). However in an MR damper, an electrical circuit is introduced in the piston assembly. Similar to passive hydraulic dampers, an MR damper consists of a fluid that moves between different chambers via small orifices in the piston, converting "shock" energy into heat (see Figure 4). LORD's patented MR fluids exhibit fast response time, high dynamic yield stress, low plastic viscosity, broad operational temperature range, resistance to settling, easy remixing, and excellent wear and abrasion resistance.įigure 3: MR Fluid in shear mode MR Dampers Altering the inter-particle attraction by increasing or decreasing the strength of the field permits continuous control of the fluid's rheological properties and hence the damping or clutch or braking force. The formation of these particle chains restricts the movement of the fluid within the gap since the fluid's yield strength is increased. Upon application of a magnetic field, the particles align like chains with the direction of the field. In the absence of a magnetic field applied across the gap the fluid occupies, the fluid flows freely or allows free movement. MR fluids can be used in shear mode, with the fluid flowing between two surfaces (as in our SbW Tactile Feedback Device - see Figure 3) or in a valve mode with fluid flowing through an orifice (as in a damper - see Figure 4 below), which move relative to each other.
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